III 生殖细胞发生与受精(I).ppt

Developmental Biology Chapter 3: The germ cell development and fertilization The germ cell development and fertilization How are the germ cells specified and determined? How are the primordial germ cells differentiated into eggs and sperm? (including meiosis) Fertilization and activation of the egg by the sperm that initiates the embryonic development. The germ cell development and fertilization 1 The germ cell fate determination and development of gonads 1.1 Specification and determination of the primordial germ cells (PGCs) 1.2 The germ cell migration and development of gonads 2 Gametogenesis 2.1 Spermatogenesis 2.2 Oogenesis 3 Fertilization 3.1 The recognition of egg and sperm 3.2 The prevention of polyspermy 3.3 The activation of egg metabolism The germ cell development and fertilization 1 The germ cell fate determination and development of gonads 1.1 Specification and determination of the primordial germ cells (PGCs) 1.2 The germ cell migration and development of gonads 2 Gametogenesis 2.1 Spermatogenesis 2.2 Oogenesis 3 Fertilization 3.1 The recognition of egg and sperm 3.2 The prevention of polyspermy 3.3 The activation of egg metabolism Specification and determination of the PGCs Gametes in all sexually reproducing organisms arise from the primordial germ cells (PGCs) In many instances (including nematodes, flies, and frogs ), the PGCs are specified and determined autonomously by the cytoplasmic determinants in the egg that are comprised of specific proteins and mRNAs. These cytoplasmic determinants are collectively referred to as the germ plasm（生殖质） Germ plasm can be identified morphologically by the presence of conspicuous membrane-unbound organelles with an electron-dense granulofibrillar appearance called germ granules P granules in C. elegans Polar granules in Drosophila Germinal granules in Xenopus The germ cell fate of C. elegans is determined at the 16-cell embryo The adult gonads and early development of the fertilized egg in