博弈论(复旦大学中国经济研究中心).pptVIP

Game Theory Microeconomic Theory IV Instructor: Yongqin Wang Email: yongqin_wang@ School of Economics, Fudan University December, 2004 Main Reference: Robert Gibbons,1992: Game Theory for Applied Economists, Princeton University Press Fudenberg and Tirole,1991: Game Theory, MIT Press 1.Static Game of Complete Information 1.3 Further Discussion on Nash Equilibrium NE 1.3.1 NE versus Iterated Elimination of Strict Dominance Strategies Proposition A In the -player normal form game if iterated elimination of strictly dominated strategies eliminates all but the strategies , then these strategies are the unique NE of the game. A Formal Definition of NE In the n-player normal form the strategies are a NE, if for each player i, is at least tied for player i’s best response to the strategies specified for the n-1 other players, Cont’d Proposition B In the -player normal form game if the strategies are a NE, then they survive iterated elimination of strictly dominated strategies. 1.3.2 Existence of NE Theorem Nash, 1950 : In the -player normal form game if is finite and is finite for every , then there exist at least one NE, possibly involving mixed strategies. See Fudenberg and Tirole 1991 for a rigorous proof. 1.4 Applications 1.4.1 Cournot Model Two firms A and B quantity compete. Inverse demand function They have the same constant marginal cost, and there is no fixed cost. Cont’d Firm A’s problem: Cont’d By symmetry, firm B’s problem. Figure Illustration: Response Function, Tatonnement Process Exercise: what will happens if there are n identical Cournot competing firms? Convergence to Competitive Equilibrium 1.4.2 The problem of Commons David Hume 1739 : if people respond only to private incentives, public goods will be underprovided and public resources over-utilized. Hardin 1968 : The Tragedy of Commons Cont’d There are farmers in a village. They all graze their goat on the village green. Denote the numb