英语语言学教学总结.docVIP

英语语言学教学总结 英语语言学 一、名词解释 第一课 1.Synchronic共时性: Said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “point” in time.\ A kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind. 2.Langue语言: The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. 3.Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication. 4.Arbitrariness任意性: One design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. 第二课 1.Phoneme音位: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 2.Allophone音位变体: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme. 3.Minimal pair最小对立体: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. 第三课 1.Morphology形态学: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 2.Derivational morphemes派生词素: Some morphemes which change the category or grammatical class of words are called… 3.Inflectional morphemes曲折词素: Some bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on. 第四课 1.Syntax语法 句法: A branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences. 2.Syntactic categories句法范畴: Words can be grouped together into a relatively small number of classes, called syntactic categories. 3.Deep structure 深层结构: Formed by the XP rule in accordance with the heads subcategorization properties, is called deep structure or D- stru