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Phase Theory and Phase Diagram Ⅰ. Phase Theory 1. Phase Rule P+F=C+2 or P+F=C+1(for condensed systems) P: phases C: components F: degree of freedom ‘2’: pressure and temperature (for condensed system, pressure is not a variable) Condensed system: vapour phase is ignored and only the liquid and solid phases are considered 2. Phase Transition 1). Classification: ①reconstructive transition: bonds have to be broken ②displacive transition: Distortion of bonds 2). Kinetics of phase transition Rate of transition: 3). Thermal dynamics of phase transition Rate of transition: ● characters of high temperature phase a. more open structure b. lower coordination number c. more distorted d. higher symmetry ● characters of high pressure phase a. more dense structure b. increased coordination number c. more ordered structure 4). Topotactic transition and Martensite transformation Ⅱ. Phase Diagram Overall composition of a mixture → relative amounts of different phases → the composition of every particular phase Isotherm(等温线)-horizontal Isopleth(等浓度线)-vertical Liquidus curve: the highest temperature at which crystals can exist Solidus curve: the lowest temperature at which liquid can exist Solvus line: Solid solubility limit line Level rule: m(right)/m(left)=distance(left)/distance(right) 1. One-Component System P+F=C+2=1+2=3 Independent variables are temperature and pressure. F=2: bivalent if one phase is present F=1: univariant if two phases are present F=0: invariant if three phases are present BE: transition curve for polymorphs X and Y CF: change of melting point of Y with pressure AB, BC: sublimation curves for X and Y respectively CD: vapour pressure curve for the liquid. B, C: triple points(invariant points) 2. Two-Component System P+F=C+1=2+1=3 Independent variables is temperature or pressure only F=2: bivalent if one phase is present F=1: univariant if two phases are present F=0: invariant if three phases are present 1). 二组分液态互溶混合物 Two-composed Miscible Liquid Syste