Chapter2-Fiber optics and Gradient-index optics.ppt

Fiber optics Gradient-index optics Guiding light Bending light? Bending light! Optical fiber cable Total Internal Reflection Types of Fibers Step-index Fiber Ray Trajectories in Step Index fiber Double-clad fiber Graded-index fiber Graded Index Fiber Graded-index Fiber, cont. In the graded-index fiber, light rays that traverse longer path lengths through the outer periphery of the core travel faster in this lower index material ? all rays arrive at the same time at the output ? almost no pulse broadening! Photonics crystal fiber Special fibers Nano fibers Numerical Aperture (NA) of a Fiber NA of a Step Index Fiber NA of a GRIN Fiber NA and Light Flux NA and # of Modes Critical Bend radius Fiber Tapers Polarization Polarization Cross section of polarization maintain fiber Attenuation Attenuation Profiles Dispersion: The Basics Modal Dispersion Effect of Modal Dispersion Fabrication Fabrication Preform heated so a drop falls by gravity yielding a single fiber. Drawing rate regulated by a laser micrometer to yield a consistent diameter. Fibers typically drawn at a rate of 10–20 m/s. How to make in lab? Gradient-index optics 海市蜃楼 Two-dimensional case Two-dimensional case Two-dimensional case Example Example Example2：GRIN lens Example2：GRIN lens Light propagates at a finite speed fastest ray slowest ray slowest ray: one entering at highest angle (“high order” mode) fastest ray: one traveling down middle (“axial mode”) there will be a difference in time for these two rays modal dispersion increases with: L ~ NA2 usually the biggest dispersion problem in step index multi-mode fibers time time time modal example: step index ~ 24 ns km -1  GRIN ~ 122 ps km-1 initial pulse farther down farther still 1. Make preform glass cylinder (blank) Glass made by modified chemical vapor deposition (MCVD) Gas vapors from MCVD are conducted onto the lathe to yield the fiber. 2. Draw the fibers from the preform. [ figs courtesy Y. Fink et al., MIT ] find compa