上海电力学院自动化英语.docVIP

上海电力学院自动化英语 An energy source(a primary or secondary cell, a generator, and the like) converts chemical, mechanical, thermal or some other form of energy into electric energy. An energy converter, also called load (such as a lamp, heating appliance, or electric motor), converts electric energy into light, heat, mechanical work, and so on 电源（如原生电池、再生电池和发电机等）将化学能、热能或其他形式的能量转换成电能。能量转化器（也称作负载、比如灯泡、取暖器及电机等）将电能转换成光、热和机械等能量。 Events in a circuit can be defined in terms of e.m.f.(or voltage) and current. When electric energy is generated, transmitted and converted under conditions such that the currents and voltages involved remain constant with time, one usually speaks of direct-current (D.C) circuits. 电路的工作情况可以用电势（或电压）和电流来描述。当电能在产生、传输和变换时，若电路中相关的电流和电压不随时间而变化，我们便称其为直流电路。 With time-invariant currents and voltages, the magnetic and electric fields of the associated electric plant are also time-invariant. 对于时不变的电流和电压，与电器设备相联系的电场和磁场也是时不变的。 The terminals of the source and load are interconnected by conductors (generally but not always wires). 电源和负载端有导体（通常是导线，但少数情况下也有例外）连接。 This simple circuit made up of a source, a load and two wires is seldom, if ever, met with in practice. 这种由一个电源、一个负载和两根导线组成的简单电路，在实际中即使能碰见也是很少的。 Whatever its origin (thermal, contact, etc.), the source e.m.f. E is numerically equal to the potential difference between terminals 1 and 2 with the external circuit open, that is, when there is no current flowing through the source: 无论电动势E的原动力是什么（即不论是热、摩擦还是其他形式产生的），电源电动势E在数值上等于1、2两端之间的开路电压，即当电源中无电流通过时： The source e.m.f. is directed from the terminal at a lower potential to that at a higher one. In diagram, this is shown by arrows. 电源电动势的方向是从低电位点指向高电位点，在电路图中用箭头表示。 In the general case, the load resistance depends solely on the current through the load, which is symbolized by the function R(I). 通常，负载电阻仅取决于通过负载的电流，这一点可用R(I)的函数符号表示。 Fig.14 shows volt-ampere curves for a metal-filament lamp, V1(I), and for a carbon-filament lamp V2(I). As is seen, the relation between th