时态呼应在”情态动词+have+done”结构中的应用.docVIP

时态呼应在“情态动词+have done”中的应用 河南省濮阳县第三中学 刘瑞扬 作为每年各省市高考英语知识考查的重点之一，“情态动词+have done”结构因其既可用于表示对过去推测、又可用于表对过去虚拟的复杂性，又加上同学们往往忽视题目所给予的上下文时态呼应方面的暗示，因而成为同学们学习和备考的难点之一。笔者认为，只要注意上下文语境的提示，判断出上下语境的真实时态，充分地应用上下时态呼应的原则，就不难选择出正确的“情态动词+have done”结构。请看下列题目： 1. The weather turned out to be fine yesterday. I_____ the trouble to carry my umbrella with me. 2006江西 A. shouldn’t have taken B. could have taken C. needn’t have taken D. mustn’t have taken 答案与简析：因为首句的时态是一般过去时，根据时态呼应的原则，所以本句应为对过去情况的叙述，又根据“我本没有必要随身带伞”句意，所以本句应为与过去情况相反的虚拟语气。故答案为C。 2. ---Catherine, I have cleaned the room for you. ---Thanks. You _____ it. I could manage it myself. 2005福建 A. needn’t do B. needn’t have done C. mustn’t do D. shouldn’t have done 答案与简析：由首句的“have cleaned”和其后的“I could manage it myself”，断定此句应为对过去动作的追叙，所以真实的时态应为过去时，排除A项和C项，又D项强调责备的语气，不合句意。故答案为B。 3. ---The woman biologist stayed in Africa studying wild animals for 13 years before she returned. ---Oh, dear! She_____ a lot of difficulties! 2005江苏 A. may go through B. might go through C. ought to have gone through D. must have gone through 答案与简析：由首句stayed和returned断定上下语境应为过去时，所以排除A项和B项，C项表“某事本该做而实际却没做”的虚拟语气，不合语境排除，本句应为对过去情况的肯定推测，故答案为D。 4. Mr. White_____ at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didn’t show up. 2004广西 A. should have arrived B. should C. should have had arrived D. should be arriving 答案与简析：由but后的时态断定前句应为过去时，所以排除B项和D项，又强调“应该到而实际未到”的虚拟，而排除C项，所以答案为A。 5. He_____ have completed his work; otherwise, he wouldn’t be enjoying himself by the seaside. 2005北京 A. should B. must C. wouldn’t D. can’t 答案与简析：后句真正的含义为he is enjoying himself by the seaside now。由此结果可以 推测出“他一定已经完成了他的工作”，所以本句应为对过去情况的肯定推测，故答案为B。 反过来，如果上下文语境出现了“情态动词+have done”的结构，那么凭此就可以得出上下语境的应是对过去情况的推测或虚拟，其真实时态应是过去时，进而得出正确的答案。请看下列题目： 6. ---If the traffic hadn’t been so heavy, I could have been back by 6 o’clock. ---What a pity! Tina_____ here to see you. 2005湖南 A. is B. was C. would be D. has been 答案与简析：首句是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，真实含义为the traffic was so heavy and I wasn’t back，从而可得出语境的真实时态为