ThePhysicsofRadiology-chapter3-3new.pptVIP

The Fundamentals of Nuclear Physics Part three Isomeric Transitions Energy absorption from Radioactive Isotopes Energy absorption from Radioactive Isotopes Energy absorption from Radioactive Isotopes Energy absorption from Radioactive Isotopes Energy absorption from Radioactive Isotopes Energy absorption from Radioactive Isotopes Summary * * BME College Sherman sheen The Physics of Radiology After beta emission, the excited state may be almost stable and the nucleus may remain in it for a period of seconds, minutes, or even days. The nucleus in this state appears like a separate isotope and is called an isomer. The transition to the ground state is called an isomeric transition. Isomer and Isomeric transition Alpha Total energy of the alpha particle is absorbed. Beta minus Mean energy, , of the β- particle is absorbed. should be obtained from tables. It is usually about 1/3 the maximum value Beta Plus Mean energy, , of the β+particle is absorbed. should be obtained from tables. It is usually slightly 1/3 of the maximum value Electron Capture Most of the available energy in the reaction is carried away by neutrinos. When the K or L shell holes resulting from the capture are filled, fluorescent radiation is emitted and Auger electrons are produced. Most of the energy from these two processes will be locally absorbed. Gamma Rays When gamma rays are emitted they will be absorbed if their energy is small and the biological material large in extent. If they are of high energy only a fraction of their energy will be absorbed. Internal conversion A high energy electron with energy E－EK or E－EL is emitted and absorbed where E is the excess energy in the nucleus. In addition fluorescent radiation from the daughter nucleus will be emitted and usually absorbed in the biological material. Some of the fluorescent radiation may be absent and in its place will appear Auger electrons, which are absorbed. Auger electrons The excess energy arising