禾本科小麦族五个类群的核型分析.docVIP

禾本科小麦族五个类群的核型分析 　　摘要：选取小麦族下披碱草属、鹅观草属和赖草属的5个类群进行核型分析。结果表明，老芒麦核型公式为2n=4x=28=24 m（2SAT）+4 sm；纤毛鹅观草核型公式为2n=4x=28=22 m+6 sm（2SAT）；毛盘鹅观草核型公式为2n=4x=28=20 m+8 sm；西藏鹅观草核型公式为2n=4x=28=26 m+2 sm；赖草核型公式为2n=4x=28=22 m（2SAT）+6 sm；同时，根据Stebbins的核型进化理论，对核型的4个重要性状加以分析，揭示了5个类群的相对进化程度；结合3属的外部形态，从而阐明了3属的系统发育关系，即赖草属进化程度最低，鹅观草属最高级，而披碱草属的演化水平居中。 　　关键词：披碱草属；鹅观草属；赖草属；核型；系统发育关系 　　中图分类号：Q949.71+4.2；Q343.2+2 文献标识码：A 文章编号：0439-8114（2015）15-3600-04 　　Abstract： Five taxa of Triticeae were chosen and their karyotypes were studied. The karyotypes of these taxa were as follows， Elymus sibiricus， 2n=4x=28=24 m（2SAT）+4 sm； Roegneria ciliaris， 2n=4x=28=22 m+6 sm（2SAT）； Roegneria barbicalla， 2n=4x=28=20 m+8 sm； Roegneria tibetica， 2n=4x=28=26 m+2 sm； Leymus secalinus，2n=4x=28=22 m（2SAT） +6 sm. Furthermore， according to Stebbins theory of karyotypic evolution， four significant characteristics and the evolutional levels of five taxa were also confirmed. The results indicated that L. secalinus was the most primitive among the five taxa， R. ciliaris was the most advanced， while the indexes of the others were between L. secalinus and R. ciliaris. By the morphological characteristics， E. sibiricus is one taxon of genus Elymus， R. ciliaris， R. barbicalla and R. tibetica belonging to genus Roegneria， while L. secalinus attributed to genus Leymus. So the phylogenetic relationships among three general were also confirmed. The genus Leymus was the most primitive， genus Roegneria was the most evolutive， while genus Elymus lied between the two general. 　　Key words：Elymus L.； Roegneria C. Koch； Leymus Hochst.； karyotypes； systematic relationship 　　植物染色体核型分析，对于研究植物的系统分类、起源及物种间的亲缘关系皆具有重要意义。物种的核型与染色体组之间存在着平行进化关系，通过核型分析，可以了解物种间的亲缘关系[1]。披碱草属（Elymus L.）、鹅观草属（Roegneria C. Koch）和赖草属（Leymus Hochst.）作为小麦族（Triticeae Dumortier）下重要的多年生属[2]，多为草原的优良牧草，饲用价值较高[3]。同时，有些种具有抗病虫、抗寒、抗旱等优良特性，可以通过远缘杂交、基因工程等技术从野生种类中转移到栽培小麦和大麦中来[4-6]。作为现代和将来麦类作物育种的重要基因资源，3属植物具有重要的经济价值。 　　研究选取披碱草属、鹅观草属和赖草属的5个代表类群作为参试对象，即老芒麦（E. sibiricus Linn.）、纤毛鹅观草（