第二章的结构,中英文对照汇编.doc

材料的结构 Chapter 2 Structure of materials 1. 原子间的结合键共有几种？各自特点如何？How many kinds of binding bonds among atoms? What are their characteristics? 原子间的结合键共有5种，分别是金属键、离子键、共价键、氢键和范德华键。There are five kinds of binding bonds among atoms, namely, metallic bond, ionic bond, covalent bond, hydrogen bonding and van der Waals bond. 1）金属键是金属中的正离子和自由电子之间形成的键合。其特点是电子共有化，可以自由流动。金属键无方向性和饱和性。金属键合力较强，键能为几百kJ/mol。Metallic bond is formed between the positive ions and free electrons. Metal bond is characterized by many sharable electrons and free mobile electrons. It is nondirectional and unsaturated. Metal Binding force in metal bond is strong and the bond energy may up to hundreds of kJ / mol. 2）离子键是正负离子之间由于静电吸引而形成的键合，离子键无方向性也无饱和性，配位数高。离子键具有较强的键合力，键能为几百到几千kJ/mol。Ionic bond is formed through electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. It is nondirecitonal and unsaturated. It has high coordination number, and the bond force may up to several hundreds to thousands of kJ/mol. 3）共价键是原子间共用电子对而形成的键合，有方向性和饱和性，配位数低。共价键的键强度较高，键能通常为几百kJ/mol。Covalent bond is formed by sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms. It is directional and saturated. It has small coordination number and the bond energy is several hundreds of kJ/mol. 4）氢键是由氢原子与电负性较大的原子之间形成的X—H…Y的键合。具有方向性和饱和性。氢键的键合较弱，一般为几十kJ/mol，但是对材料性能的影响较大。Hydrogen bond is formed between hydrogen atom and two electronegative atoms such as N—H…O. It is directional and saturated. The hydrogen bond is weak, and it is only dozens of kJ/mol，but is has much influence on the materials’ properties.The van der Waals force is the sum of attractive or repulsive forces between molecules. It is weak and the bond energy is several to dozens of kJ/mol. The van der Waals force is nondirectional and unsaturated, and the range of the force is only several hundreds of picometers. It has much influence on material’s boiling point, melting point, heat of vaporization and fusion, solubility, surface tension, viscosity and other physical and chemical properties.