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换称 借代修辞对比.doc
THE COMPARISON BETWEEN METONYMY,
SYNECDOCHE AND ANTONOMASIA
转喻、提喻、换称三种修辞手法的对比
转喻(Metonymy)、提喻(synecdoche)、换称(antonomasia)这三种修辞手法都属于关系类修辞,它们的共同之处都是用某一事物的名称指代另一事物的名称,故而常常容易使人混淆。目前国内有关英语修辞的教科书中就常将这三种修辞手法混为一谈,使得老师和学生对此模糊不清。其实,如果将这三种修辞手法的定义和用法弄清,就不难区分它们。下面就这三种修辞手法的定义、用法以及它们之间的异同等作些比较:
转喻(Metonymy)的定义与用法:
定义:用某一事物的名称代替另一事物的名称的修辞手法叫做转喻或借代。这两种事物之间有着密切相关的联系。(A metonymy is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated.)
用法:
转喻通常用下列几种方式指代:
① 根据人名或商品品牌名:
Uncle Sam(山姆大叔)→ Americans or the American government(美国人/美国政府)
John Bull(约翰牛)→ the English nation or a typical Englishman(英国/地道英国人)
He is reading Shakespeare. 他在读莎士比亚作品。
( Shakespeares works (用作者指代作品)
He went in debt just to keep up with the Joneses. 他为了与邻里攀比而负债。
( neighbours
(用“琼斯家”指代“邻里”)
We drove a Ford to Hyde Park. 我们驾驶一辆福特牌小轿车到海德公园去。
( a car whose make is Ford(用品牌名指代实物)
② 根据实物名称:
Finally she married money. 她最终嫁给了有钱人。
( a rich man (用“钱”指代“有钱人”。)
I live near an airport and passing planes can be heard night and day. 我住在飞机场附近,日夜可以听到过往的飞机声。 ( the noise made by passing planes
(用“过往的飞机”指代“噪音”。)
③ 根据动植物名称:
the big apple(大苹果)→ New York city(纽约市)
Russian bear(俄国熊)→ Russians or the Russian government(俄国人/俄国政府)
British lion(英国狮)→ England or the English government(英国/英国政府)
The flower of the nation was sent off to war. 该国的壮小伙子都被送去打仗了。
( the strong young men
(the flower通常用来指代“精英”、“精华”等。在句中,它被用来指代“壮小伙子”。)
④ 根据工具名:
When the war was over, he laid down the sword and took up the pen.
( arms ( writing
战争结束后,他放下武器,从事写作。
The pen is mightier than the sword. 文章胜武力。
( books and writing ( armed force
(用“笔”指代“文章”,用“剑”指代“武力”。)
Only the knife can save him. 只有手术刀能够挽救他。
( operation(用“手术刀”指代“手术”。)
⑤ 根据职业名:
I could not hear the actors. 我听不见演员的台词。
( the words of the actors(用“演员
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