作文的种类.docVIP

作文的种类 我们一般把作文分为五类，即记叙文(narration)、描写文(description)、说明文(exposition)、议论文(argumentation)和应用文(practical writing)。 记叙文（narration） 记叙文也曾记事文，用于记叙事情的发展变化或人物的经历，它简单易学又很常用，所以最适合学生学习英语作文。它可以通过记日记的形式进行练习。学记叙文时习作者可将自己一天的活动（或一次活动）依时间顺序或空间顺序记下来。当然，随着写作水平的提高，以后就应该打破这种顺序的限制。 记叙文必须包括以下几点： (1) 所叙述的事件都应包括开头(beginning)，主体(main body)和结尾(ending)三个部分。不论叙述一个人或一件事，必须有情节发展的过程。有时可以有冲突、高潮，这样文章不会平淡无奇。 (2）要确定用第一人称写还是用第三人称写。第一人称使人读来亲切，第三人称容易使读者有身临其境的感觉。 (3) 记叙文应该包括六要素，即：时间（when）、地点(where)、人物(who)、事件(what)、原因(why)和结果(how)。可以以事件发生的时间次序写，也可以以事件发生的先后写。以写“春游”为例，可先简单写如何准备（before the spring outing），然后是文章主体春游的过程（during the spring outing），碰到什么问题（如天气、事故等突发事件），如何解决。最后简单写感想（after the spring outing）。写活动细节要详细得当，写感想要有真实流露。叙述的方式可以分顺序、倒叙和插叙。由于记叙文总是记叙一个事件，所以往往用过去时态。 （4）记叙文难免要用对话。对话可以衬托出说话者的个性，幽默的对话可以使记叙文显得生动。 【例1】 Debbie and Simon are students. On Saturday mornings, when they are not at school, they are at work. They have part-time jobs with the Sunbeam Travel Company. They are sitting in the office. Debbie and Simon looked up as the door opened and a middle-aged, well-dressed lady entered. She glanced at them both, hesitated a moment, then walked over and sat down opposite Debbie. Debbie greeted her cheerfully, and got down to business. “I want to go by train from Germany to Paris. Can you…?” Simon sighed, picked up some paper from his desk and took it over to the fax machine. Mr Yang, one of Sunbeam’s senior employees, was standing there. He said, “What’s up, Simon? You don’t look very happy?” “Nothing,” Simon said. Mr Yang put his hand on Simon’s shoulder. “Come on,” he said. “Tell me. I’m your friend as well as your colleague.” He gave an encouraging smile. “It’s the customers,” Simon said. “They always prefer Debbie to me. I can’t understand it.” “I can. It’s the way you communicate.” “How can that be?” Simon said. “I don’t even get a chance to speak to them.” “Communicating is more than speaking and listening, Simon. Your body language is important, too.” “What kind of language is that?” “It’s the way yo