COMP5116_InternetProtocol_Lecturenotes_2012Semester2_week2.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Ethernet Addressing Each NIC has a unique physical or MAC Media Access Control address 48-bit integer First 3 bytes are manufacturer code Intel: 00:AA:00 Sun: 08:00:20 Last 3 bytes are locally assigned and managed IEEE manages MAC addressing standards * Address Types Unicast - physical address of one NIC Broadcast: ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff Multicast: 01:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx IP multicast range: [01:00:5E:00:00:00..01:00:5E:7f:ff:ff] * Ethernet ‘Frame’ Format Encapsulation * Octet Byte 8 bits Preamble: physical synchronisation Addresses: destination and sender MAC Frame Type: identifies protocol, eg IP Minimum frame size CRC: error detection Comer Fig 2.2 Ethernet Protocol Distributed access control; i.e., no central “master” saying you may or may not transmit Receiving: NIC sees every frame, pass it up if this is the destination address or it’s a broadcast frame Sending: CSMA/CD - Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection for transmission * CSMA/CD Outline check carrier to see if cable busy CSMA if yes wait for idle else transmit and listen for collision CD if collision backoff randomly and try again N times else wait min idle time - give other nodes a chance distributed fairness, time slot 51.2us for 10Mbps * Collision Detection / Retransmission N tries, say 16 If collision, must send jam signal, random backoff and retransmit Jam 512 bits 64 bytes , makes sure end nodes hear collision, hence minimum frame is 64 bytes 46 data Backoff is “binary exponential algorithm” For each retry R : Wait random number of time-slots within R 2, 4, 8, 16… time-slot periods, max 1023 Reduces probability of subsequent collisions * Errors Ethernet uses 32 bit Cyclic Redundancy Check CRC , implemented in hardware Most 99.999% bit errors are detected by CRC Ethernet CRC is much ‘stronger’ than IP checksum Ethernet protocol does not guarantee frame delivery destination interface down other faults “noise