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ACCURATE ACCUMULATION OF DOSE FOR IMPROVED UNDERSTANDING OF RADIATION EFFECTS IN NORMAL TISSUE（最没把握的翻译） 精确累积剂量以提高对正常组织放疗反应的理解 The actual distribution of radiation dose accumulated in normal tissues over the complete course of radiation therapy　is, in general, poorly quantified. Differences in the patient anatomy between planning and treatment can occur　gradually (e.g., tumor regression, resolution of edema) or relatively rapidly (e.g., bladder filling, breathing motion)　and these undermine the accuracy of the planned dose distribution. Current efforts to maximize the therapeutic　ratio require models that relate the true accumulated dose to clinical outcome. The needed accuracy can only be　achieved through the development of robust methods that track the accumulation of dose within the various tissues　in the body. Specific needs include the development of segmentation methods, tissue-mapping algorithms, uncertainty　estimation, optimal schedules for image-based monitoring, and the development of informatics tools to support　subsequent analysis. These developments will not only improve radiation outcomes modeling but will address　the technical demands of the adaptive radiotherapy paradigm. The next 5 years need to see academia and industry　bring these tools into the hands of the clinician and the clinical scientist. 在整个放疗过程中正常组织的累积剂量通常是难以精确定量的。在计划和治疗之间病人的解剖会逐渐产生不同（如肿瘤退缩，水肿消散）或相对进展（如膀胱充盈，呼吸运动），这些对计划剂量的精确分布产生破坏。当前使治疗率最大化的作用，要求真正精确剂量与临床结果相关的模型。对精确的需求只能从健全的方法中沿着体内不同组织累计剂量而获得。特殊需求包括以下的发展，节段方法，组织海藻地图，不确定的评价，以影像为基础的管理优化流程，以及支持顺序分析的信息工具发展。这些发展不仅会促进放射结果模型的发展，也会成为技术要求适应放疗的典范。将来的5来需要看到学术界和工业界把这些工具带给临床学家和临床科学家的手里。 BIOMARKERS AND SURROGATE ENDPOINTS FOR NORMAL-TISSUE EFFECTS OF RADIATION THERAPY THE IMPORTANCE OF DOSE–VOLUME EFFECTS 放疗正常组织反应的生物标志和替代终点—剂量体积效应的提高 Biomarkers are of interest for predicting or monitoring normal tissue toxicity of radiation therapy. Advances in molecular radiobiology provide novel leads in the search for normal tissue biomarkers with sufficient sensitiv