宇宙的最初三分鐘宇宙的起源.pptVIP

宇宙的最初三分鐘 宇宙的起源? 宇宙是永恒存在的，還是有起始的？ 穩恆態宇宙 The Steady-State Theory Quasi-steady state cosmology (QSS) Entropy (熵) For any closed system Where S is entropy Universe is a closed system 大爆炸假說 (The Big-bang) 宇宙目前約140億歲 由一個密度極大且溫度極高的狀態演變而來的。 在這個起始狀態中，宇宙的物質和能量的溫度和密度極高。 At t=0 Gravitational singularity(引力奇點) The Big Bang cosmological model at the start of time (t=0). the density of the universe and the curvature of space-time infinite. Predicted in Relativity Quantum tunnelling(穿隧效應) 宇宙是由“無”誕生的嗎？?  宇宙是從沒有時間、沒有空間、沒有物質，也沒有能量的“無”開始，因量子力學的“穿隧效應”而突然誕生的。 Fundamental Force Strong interaction Mediator : Gluon Relative Magnitude : 1 Behavior : 1/r7 Range : 1.4 x 10-15 m Fundamental Force Electromagnetic interaction Mediator : Photon Relative Magnitude : 1/137 Behavior : 1/r2 Range : ∞ Fundamental Force Weak interaction Mediator : W and Z bosons Relative Magnitude : 10-13 Behavior : 1/r5 to 1/r7 Range : 10-18 m Fundamental Force Gravitational interaction Mediator : Graviton (perhaps) Relative Magnitude : 10-39 Behavior : 1/r2 Range : ∞ Planck time(0t=10-43s) all four fundamental forces were unified and elementary particles did not exist It is meaningless to speak of durations shorter than Planck time there is no generally accepted theory that unifies quantum mechanics and relativistic gravity p.s. 張sir 話太深 T~10-43 s 1032 K. No electrons , atoms. matter and antimatter existed in almost equal amounts All but gravitational force were unified Phase Transition Example:?? ice water steam Phase transition: ice water ? Phase transition: water steam Phase transitions in the early Universe GUT phase transition:?As the temperature drops below ~ 1029K, GUT force separates into the strong nuclear force and the electroweak force T 1029K: GUT T 1029K: electroweak force, strong nuclear force One of the candidates for inflation Other candidates: specifically designed inflaton fields Phase transitions in the early Universe Electroweak phase transition: As the temp