化工原理双语讲义 Distillation.docVIP

Distillation -for separation of components in a liquid mixture 9.1 Introduction When a liquid mixture is partially vaporized, the compositions in the liquid (x) and the vapor (y) are different. If component A is more volatile (9-1) 1. Distillation: --- a method of separation based on the volatility difference between components in a liquid mixture. More volatile fraction Less volatile 2. Flash or equilibrium distillation --- a continuous process at steady state The superheated liquid vaporizes partially, in which the heat of evaporation is from the sensible heat of the liquid. 3. Simple distillation ---a batch process, unsteady state  9.2 Vapor Liquid Equilibrium of Two-component Systems 9.2.1 Ideal systems The liquid is an ideal solution, which obeys Raoult’s law; The vapor is ideal gas, which obeys pV=nRT or Dalton’s law of partial pressure. The intermolecular interactions between various components are the same. 1. According to Raoult’s law, the equilibrium vapor pressure of a solution is (9-2) Where p0 is the vapor pressure of pure liquid. With Dalton’s law, the relationship between pA and the total pressure p is pA=pyA pB=pyB (9-3) The liquid mixture is boiling when (9-4) From above equations, the equilibrium composition of an ideal vapor-liquid system is (9-5) (9-6) 2. The relationship between p0 and boiling point t is from Phase equilibrium data Empirical formulas, such as the Antoine equation (9-7) Calculations for equilibrium composition and boiling point t: Given p0=f(t) → pA0, pB0 → xA, yA; Given xA, yA → boiling point t (by trial and error method) 3. Phase equilibrium 4. Volatility and relative volatility The volatilities of components in a solution is The relative volatility is defined as For ideal gas, pi = pyi