劳动经济学ehrenberg_ch03_images.pptVIP

Copyright ?2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Modern Labor Economics: Theory and Public Policy, Eleventh Edition Ronald G. Ehrenberg ? Robert S. Smith MODERN LABOR ECONOMICS THEORY AND PUBLIC POLICY CHAPTER Modern Labor Economics: Theory and Public Policy, Eleventh Edition Ronald G. Ehrenberg ? Robert S. Smith 11TH EDITION Copyright ?2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Demand for Labor 3 Employers’ Cost Increase because of ●pension regulation ●minimum wage laws ●restrictions on firing workers ●safety requirement ●immigration controls ●goverment-provided pension ●unemployment benefit High cost Low Employment opportunities What will the Firms do if They Seek to Maximize Profits? 1 If the income generated by employing one more unit of an input exceeds the additional expense, then add a unit of that input. 2 If income generated by employing one more unit of an input is less than the additional expense, reduce employment of that input. 3 If income generated by employing one more unit of an input is equal to the additional expense, no further changes in that input are desirable. Marginal Income from an Additional Unit of Input Marginal Product of Labor Two Kinds of Marginal Product Marginal Product of Capital If it adds one units of labor, how much the physical output will increase If it adds one units of the stock of capital, how much the physical output will increase Marginal Income from an Additional Unit of Input Marginal Revenue Product of Labor Two Kinds of Marginal Revenue Product Marginal Revenue Product of Capital The Short-Run Demand for Labor When Both Product and Labor Markets Are Competitive ● In the short-run, the firms cannot change the stock of capital ● So, the firms needs only to decide whether to alter its output level ● Because only the employment of labor can be adjusted Table 3.1 The Marginal Product of Labor in a Hypothetical Car Dealership (Capital Held Constant) From Profit Maximizati