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DS (data) Defines the starting address of a section of memory holding data (data segment) In real mode operation, it defines the start of a 64K-byte section of memory, and data are accessed by an offset address In protected mode, it selects a descriptor that defines the starting address and length of a section of memory holding data In protected mode, the length of a data segment is different according to the version of microprocessor ES (extra) Additional data segment used by some string instructions to hold destination data SS (stack) Defines the area of memory used for the stack The stack entry point is determined by the stack segment and stack pointer registers FS and CS Supplemental segment registers available in the 80386~Pentium 4 Real Mode Memory Addressing Address only the first 1M-byte of memory space The DOS requires the microprocessor to operate in the real mode The default operation mode of a microprocessor Segment and Offsets 20-bit real mode memory addresses = Segment address plus offset address Segment address defines the beginning address of a 64K-byte memory within the first 1M-byte of memory space Offset address selects any location within the 64K-byte memory segment Appending 0H on the rightmost end of the value contained in a segment register forms a 20-bit starting address of a 64K-byte memory (segment) The ending address is found by adding FFFFH (64K-byte) to the starting address of the segment 1000:2000 represents a segment address of 1000H with an offset of 2000H, i. e. 12000H Default Segment and Offset registers 8086~Pentium 4 microprocessors use default 16-bit segment and offset address combinations 80386~Pentium 4 microprocessors use default 32-bit segment and offset address combinations Segment and Offset Addressing Scheme Allows Relocation Code segment and data segment Move the entire program or the data set to any place in the memory system, as a block, without changing the offset addresses Protected Mode Memory Addressing