语言学概论Chap4(Part1).pptVIP

Chapter 4 From Word to Text (Part 1) I. Quick check 1. Concept and classification of words; 2. Morpheme and formation of words; 3. Change of word meaning II. Warm-up questions 1. What does “syntactic relations” mean? 2. Can you analyze the structure of the following sentence according to different levels (of structure): More spaceships will be launched late next year. 3. Can you find the central/head word in the following structures? in spite of China’s National Day very surprisingly high Frank needs money badly. III. Major points to study 1. Syntactic relations; 2. Grammatical construction and its constituents IV. Discussion of the major points 1. Syntactic relations: 1) Syntagmatic / horizontal / positional relation (p.73): Horizontal relation between words / components in a sentence. e.g. A four-armed baby was born in India. -- The word order usually follows the convention; -- Agreement between parts of sentence 2) Paradigmatic / vertical relation / relation of substitutability (p.74): The relation between words or phrases of the same type that are substitutable for each other grammatically in sentences with the same structure (meaning not considered). e.g. I didn’t steal your money. Grammatically, -- “I” can be substituted for by other pronouns like “we, he, she”, and nouns like “Shawn, the boy, the thief”; -- “steal” can be substituted for by other verbs like “take, borrow, lose”, and verb phrases like “throw away, make the best of, forget about”; -- “money” can be substituted for by other nouns like “book, computer, iPad”, and noun phrases like “beautiful mirror, ugly cup, newly bought coat”. 2. Grammatical construction and its constituents: 1) Immediate constituent analysis (p.76): The method in which a linguistic construction is analyzed into immediate smaller units. e.g. a. ((The (((Zhujiang) (River)) (Delta))) ((is) (((the) ((most) ((developed) (area)))) (in (China))))). The Zhujian