Chapter7Behaviouralecology概览.pptVIP

Chapter 7 Behavioural ecology Everyday English 本试验范围内，N肥和P肥对小麦产量的影响很小。The effects of nitrogen fertilizer and phosphorus fertilizer on wheat yield, within the range tested were minimal (or limited). Contents 7.1 What is behavioural ecology? 7.2 Optimisation theory 7.3 Optimal foraging 7.4 Growth versus reproduction 7.5 Reproducing only once versus reproducing several times 7.6 Parental care 7.7 Breeding system in plants 7.8 Alternative strategies 7.9 Games theory 7.10 Constraints on adaptation 7.1 What is behavioural ecology?  A individual needs to do many things in order to survival and reproduction. Behaviour: food searching, resource depend, mate location, parental care and so on. Behavioural ecology investigates how the behaviour organisms show is related to their ecology. 7.2 Optimisation theory Why do animals not spend all their time reproducing or look for their offspring? What proportion of its energy intake should an organism devote to growth as opposed to reproduction? Because there are some constrains on behaviour and organisms have to make the best of a bad job in an environment not ideally suited to their single goal of reproduction. 7.3 Optimal foraging In order to survival, grow and reproduce an organism need to feed. In feeding, an organism obtains enough energy for growth, respiring and reproducing. Optimal foraging in crows (乌鸦) Foraging in African elephants Optimal foraging in plants Nutrient-rich conditions: short stolons, copious branching, large remats with large leaf areas. Nutrient-poor condition: long stolons, less branching, small remats with small leaf areas. 7.4 Growth versus reproduction Growth and reproduction are in conflict. If an organism puts a lots of its resources into growth, it will have less to put into reproduction and vice versa. 7.5 Reproducing only once versus reproducing several times Semelparous(一次生殖): reproduce only once in life. Iteroparous(多次生殖): reproduce on two or more occasions. 7.6 Parental care Whether an