第一节设计安全无毒化学品的一般原则.ppt

Chapter 3  3.1 General Principles for Designing Safer Chemicals  3.1.1 General Principles for Designing Safer Chemicals Two main ways to avoid Hazard and Toxicity: 1：make it not possible to enter the body, 2：make it not possible to affect the bio-chemical and physiological processes(生物化学和生理过程) hazardously. to human beings, to environment Direct hazard Indirect hazard General Principles for Designing Safer Chemicals External considerations： Reduction of exposure or accessibility 减少化学品与生物机体接触的可能性 Internal considerations： Prevention of toxic effects 预防化学品的毒性 General Principles for Designing Safer Chemicals They refer to the reduction of exposure by designing chemicals to improve the important physical and chemical properties related to environmental distribution and the up-take of the chemicals by man and other living organisms. External considerations: Reduction of exposure or accessibility A. Properties related to environmental distribution/dispersion 1. Volatility/density/melting point 2. Water solubility 3. Persistence/biodegradation (生物降解性) a. oxidation, b. hydrolysis, c. microbial degradation（微生物降解性） 4. Conversion to biologically active substances 5. Conversion to biologically inactive substances External considerations: Reduction of exposure or accessibility B. Properties related to uptake by organisms 1. Volatility （挥发性） 2. Lipophilicity（亲油性） 3. Molecular size 4. Degradation （降解性） a. hydrolysis（水解）, b. Effect of pH, c. susceptibility to digestive enzymes （敏感性） （消化酶） Structural designs or redesigns: increase degradation rates, reduce volatility（挥发性）, reduce persistence time in the environment and possibility of conversion to biologically active substances in the environment. External considerations: Reduction of exposure or accessibility C. Consideration of ro