CHAPTER09CarbohydrateMetabolism.ppt

CHAPTER 09 Carbohydrate Metabolism 1 葡萄糖磷酸化转变为6－磷酸葡萄糖Glucose is phosphorylated by ATP to form glucose 6-phosphate and ADP. The reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme hexokinase [???????????????] 己糖激酶 . 2 6－磷酸葡萄糖异构化转变成6－磷酸果糖Glucose 6-phosphorylated is converted to fructose 6-phosphate by phosphoglucoisomerase. This isomerization involves the conversion of a aldose to a ketose. 3 6－磷酸果糖磷酸化成1，6－二磷酸果糖Fructose 6-phosphate is phosphorylated by ATP to form fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and ADP. The reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphofructokinase PFK 磷酸果糖激酶 . 4 1，6－二磷酸果糖裂解为两分子磷酸丙糖Aldolase splits fructose 1,6-biphosphate into two three-carbon molecules, glyceraldehyde[????????????????] 3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone [?????????????????????] phosphate.Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is the only molecule that can be used for the rest of glycolysis. However, the dihydroxyacetone phosphate can be converted to Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate by triose phosphate isomerase. This is an equilibrium. 5 3－磷酸甘油醛氧化为1，3－二磷酸甘油酸 Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is converted to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. The reaction is catalyzed by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and uses inorganic phosphate and NAD+. The other product is NADH. 6 1，3－二磷酸甘油酸转变为3－磷酸甘油酸The newly created high-energy phosphate bond of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is now used to synthesize ATP. Phosphoglycerate kinase catalyzes the transfer of the phosphoryl group from the 1,3- bisphosphoglycerate to ADP, generating ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate. 7 3－磷酸甘油酸转化为2－磷酸甘油酸3-Phosphoglycerate is converted to 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase. Thus the reaction is a movement of the phosphate group to a different carbon atom within the same molecule. 8 2－磷酸甘油酸脱水生成2－磷酸稀醇式丙酮酸Enolase[??????????] catalyzes the dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate to form phosphoenolpyruvate PEP [????????????????????????]. This reaction convert low-energy phosphate ester bond of 2-phosphoglycerate into the high-energy phosphate bond of