10第十章记忆实验ppt.ppt

第十章 记忆实验 本章考点 1. 感觉记忆的实验 2. 短时记忆的实验 3. 长时记忆的实验 4. 工作记忆的实验 5. 内隐记忆的实验 目录 一、记忆研究概述 （一）记忆研究的历程 近100多年来，记忆研究一直是心理学中最活跃的领域之一。当代著名的记忆心理学家E. Tulving（1995）把科学的记忆研究划分为3个阶段： 1885——1960：开始于艾宾浩斯（H. Ebbinghaus）的研究；词语学习（verbal learning）；用联想解释记忆；记忆和遗忘特点 1960——1980：认知心理学兴起；记忆的计算机模拟十分流行；将记忆区分为感觉记忆、短时记忆、长时记忆三种形式和编码、储存、提取的过程 1980——至今：记忆研究的认知神经科学阶段；进一步划分和归类；内隐记忆凸现并成为热点 （二）记忆研究中的各种变量 Independent Variables: Many types of variables are manipulated in experiments on human memory. One of the most popular variables historically has been the nature of the material presented for memory. It can be letters, digits, nonsense syllables, words, phrases, sentences, paragraphs, or long passages of prose; the characteristics of each of these types of material can also be varied; The retention interval between presentation of material and test; Modality of presentation; Study strategy; The nature of the memory test given to people. In each case, the dependent measure in tests of recall and recognition is the number or proportion of items correctly recalled or recognized in different conditions or the number of errors, which amounts to the same thing. Sometimes a derivative measure is used, such as d from the theory of signal detection. Recently, investigators concerned with recognition have used reaction time as a dependent measure. Recently, the study of implicit memory tests has intrigued cognitive psychologists. Although these tests do not require people to consciously remember the material they have studied, performance on these tasks is influenced or “primed” by previous exposure to the material. Control Variables: Memory experiments are typically quite well controlled. Important variables that are usually held constant across conditions are the amount of material presented and the rate of presentation, though these can be interesting variables in their own right. The modality of presentation is another factor that must not vary, unless it is a variable of major interest. If some cha