2.phonetcs and phonology(配戴炜栋版语言学).docVIP

課 程 提 綱 課程名稱： 語言學概論 任課教師： 孟智君 課程性質： 院考試課 學 分： 4 教 材： 《新編簡明英語語言學教程》 Chapter 2. Phonetics Phonology ■Language is primarily vocal. The primary medium of human language is sound. Linguists are not interested in all sounds, but in speech sounds — sounds that convey meaning in human communication. 1. Phonetics ■A branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription, e.g. [p] → bilabial, stop. ■THREE branches of phonetics ⑴Articulatory phonetics — from the speakers’ point of view, “how speakers produce speech sounds” ⑵Auditory phonetics — from the hearers’ point of view, “how sounds are perceived” ⑶Acoustic phonetics — from the physical way or means by which sounds are transmitted from one to another The process of speech production and perception is as the following: Speech production Speaker A Speech perception Speaker B ⑴ ⑶ ⑵ 2. Articulatory phonetics ■Speech organs: THREE important areas ⑴Pharyngeal cavity 咽腔 — the throat ⑵Oral cavity 口腔 — the mouth ⑶Nasal cavity 鼻腔 — the nose ■The diagram of speech organs 1.Lips 唇 2.Teeth 齒 3.Teeth ridge Alveolar 齒齦 4.Hard palate 硬顎 5.Soft palate Velum 軟顎 6.Uvula 小舌 7.Tip of tongue 舌尖 8.Blade of tongue 舌葉 9.Back of tongue 舌後 10.Vocal cords 聲帶 11.Pharyngeal cavity 咽腔 12.Nasal cavity 鼻腔 ■Orthographic representation of speech sounds A standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription is the International Phonetic Alphabet IPA . The basic principle of the IPA is using one letter to represent one speech sound. ⑴Broad transcription 寬式標音 — used in dictionary and textbook for general purpose, without diacritics 讀音符號 , e.g. clear [ l ], [ pit ] ⑵Narrow transcription 嚴式標音 — used by phonetician for careful study, with diacritics, e.g. dark [?], aspirated [phit] ■Some major articulatory variables: dimensions on which speech sounds may vary: Voicing — voiced