现代自然地理学分解.ppt

* * When we deal with deep ice core, the outside of ice core as shown in this picture is very heavily contaminated, because of the wall-retaining fluid which is generally a mixture of aviation gasoline and chlorofluorocarbons. So we have to decontaminate the highly contaminated outside layers of the ice core sections. At our laboratory, we use a mechanical decontamination procedures that include a sequential removing of concentric veneer layers of ice in progression from the outside toward the center of the sections. * With an acid-cleaned all plastic lathe, we start to remove the outside of the core section by using an acid-cleaned stainless chisel. We collect the chips decontaminated with ultraclean bollte. * * * * * * * Another method of decontamination is a dipping of sliced part of the core section. * * * * * * * * * * * * * 刮除第二层 刮除第三层 保留内核 内核 移去右侧卡子 内核 将样品瓶套到冰芯外 从左侧切断冰芯 方法二:消除污染 (浸泡) 超纯水 融化的样品 The ice: 18O , 17O , 16O, 1H og 2D Continental dust, volcanic ash, micrometheorites and biological materiale Ions: Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, F-, H+, Na+, K+, NH4+, Mg2+, Ca2+ Gas in air bubbles: CO2, CH4, O2, N2, SF6. Radioactive isotopes: 10Be, 36Cl, 210Pb, 32Si, 14C, 137Cs, 90Sr. DNA Ice Properties Bore hole logging: temperature, geometry Ice Core data A shopping list 冰芯内主要气候、环境代用指标 1 雪冰中氧、氢稳定同位素组成 ?值)及其气候学意义 2 降水指标 积累率,36Cl) 3 指示古大气环流(风力)间接指标 (陆地Ca, Al; 海洋Na 4 自然界事件 (火山nssSO42-, F; 森林火灾K+ 5 人类活动指标(CO2,CH4,NH4+,Pb, 6 宇宙成因物质 7 微生物(Vostok湖,马兰冰芯) 雪冰中氧、氢稳定同位素组成及其气候学意义 水分子 分子量 比例(?10-6) H216O 18 997 270 H218O 20 2039 H217O 19 370 HD16O 19 319 HD18O 21 0.65 HD17O 20 0.12 D216O 20 0.25 D218O 22 0.00009 D217O 21 0.00001 海水中稳定同位素水分子所占比例 ?18O样品( ‰ ) ( 18O/16O 样品 —(18O/16O 标准 *1000 (18O/16O 标准 标准:SMOW:标准平均大洋水: ? ? 0 (‰) 但通常使用由SMOW标定后的二级标准 降水过程中稳定同位素的分馏过程: 较重的水分子(18O, D 比正常分子(16O,H 蒸发的慢 较重的水分子(18O, D 比正常分子(16O,H 凝结的快 — 与温度之间建立了联系 ?值与温度的关系: 理论上讲,?值的高低与云团形成降水时的凝结温度有关,但很难准确知道某次降雪过程中云团的凝结温度,况且,降雪过程本身也十分复杂; 但,因为温度是控制降水中稳定同位素最重要的因素,而我们很容易得知降水地点的年平均温度,因此,Dansgaard 1964 年得出了降水

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