20153Fertilization汇总.ppt

Chapter 3. Fertilization Fertilization is the process whereby the egg and the sperm fuse together to create a new individual. Contact and recognition between sperm and egg. Regulation of sperm entry into the egg. Fusion of the genetic material of sperm and egg. Activation of egg metabolism to start development. How can sperm and eggs meet in a dilute concentration? How can sperm be prevented from trying to fertilize eggs of another species? 1. Meeting and recognition between sperm and egg ①The chemoattraction (化学吸引) of the sperm to the egg by soluble molecules secreted by the egg. ② ③ The exocytosis（胞吐） of the acrosome to release its enzymes —acrosomal reaction. ③ ② The binding of the sperm to the extracellular envelope of the egg. ④ The passage of the sperm through this envelope. ⑤ Fusion of egg and sperm cell membranes. The second interaction between sperm and egg: Acrosome reaction Recognition of egg and sperm The bindin receptors on the vitellin envelope can specifically recognize the bindin（结合素）, located specifically on the acrosomal process, from the same species, thus constitutes a barrier to interspecies fertilizations. A. Capacitation（获能） The set of physiological and biochemical changes, occurring in the female reproductive tract, by which the mammalian sperm becomes able to fertilize the egg is called capacitation. Capacitation can be mimicked in vitro（体外） by incubating sperm in tissue culture media (containing calcium ions, or serum albumins血清白蛋白). Four molecular changes may be important The sperm cell membrane（SCM） is altered by the removal of cholesterol（胆固醇） a rise in pH acrosome reaction. Particular proteins or carbohydrates on the sperm surface are lost, thus probably expose the recognition sites for the proteins that bind to the zona pellucida (ZP透明带). The potential of the SCM becomes more negative（精子膜上的电压变负）. Protein phosphorylation（磷酸化） occurs. Of the 280×106 human sperm normally ejaculated into the vagina(阴道), only about 200