13943中英朗读38067.docVIP

例如，管线的起点、终点及转折点称为管道的主点。其位置已在设计时确定。 For example, the beginning and end of the line and the turning point referred to as the main point. Its location has to determine when the design. (2)管线高程控制的测量方法 (2) the line measurement method of elevation control 水准点一般都选在旧建筑物墙角、台阶和基岩等处。如无适当的地物，应提前埋设临时标桩作为水准点。 Leveling points generally choose inside corner of the old buildings, the place such as the steps and the bedrock. If no appropriate features, temporary signs as a bench mark shall be buried in advance. (3)地下管线工程测量 (3) the underground pipeline engineering surveying 地下管线工程测量必须在回填前，测量出起、止点，窨井的坐标和管顶标高。 Underground pipeline engineering measurement must be in front of the backfill, measure, check point, the coordinates of CMC and tube top elevation. （四）长距离输电线路钢塔架（铁塔）基础施工的测量 (4) long distance transmission line tower frame (tower) foundation construction measurement 1．长距离输电线路定位并经检查后，可根据起、止点和转折点及沿途障碍物的实际情况，测设钢塔架基础中心桩。中心桩测定后，一般采用十字线法或平行基线法进行控制。 1. The long distance transmission lines locate and after checking, according to a, check point and the turning point and the actual situation of obstacles along the way, set up the tower frame pile foundation center. Center after the determination of pile, generally USES the reticle method or parallel to the baseline method to control. 3．考虑架空送电线路钢塔之间的弧垂综合误差不应超过确定的裕度值，一段架空送电线路，其测量视距长度，不宜超过400m。 Steel tower 3. Consider the overhead transmission lines between the comprehensive error should not exceed certain sag margin value, for a period of overhead transmission lines, its length measuring range, should not be more than 400 m. 4．大跨越档距测量。在大跨越档距之间，通常采用电磁波测距法或解析法测量。 4. Large span distance measurement. Between the big span span, usually measured by electromagnetic wave ranging method or analytic method. 1H412012 测量的要求 1 h412012 measurement requirements 工程测量由控制网测量和施工过程控制测量两大部分组成。 Engineering survey control survey and construction process is measured by the control network composed of two parts. 它们之间的相互关系是：控制网测量是工程施工的先导， The relationship bet