4 大气扩散浓度估算模式.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 空气质量模型的类型 Developed for a number of pollutant types and time periods Short-term models – for a few hours to a few days; worst case episode conditions Long-term models – to predict seasonal or annual average concentrations; health effects due to exposure Classified by Non-reactive models – pollutants such as CO Reactive models – pollutants such as O3, NO2, etc. 八、空气质量模式的新进展 * Classified by level of sophistication Screening: simple estimation use preset, worst-case meteorological conditions to provide conservative estimates. Refined: more detailed treatment of physical and chemical atmospheric processes; require more detailed and precise input data. Classified by framework used Eulerian Lagrangian Hybrid Lagrangian/Eulerian Statistical /scram001/images/smokestacks.jpg /scram001/images/grid4.jpg 八、空气质量模式的新进展 空气质量模型的类型 * Classified by dimensionality Box model (0-D) Column model (1-D) 2-D chemical transport model 3-D chemical transport model Classified by spatial scale Molecular (2mm) Microscale (2mm-100m) Urban scale (100m-2km) Regional/continental (2-2000km) Synoptic to global (500-20000km) 八、空气质量模式的新进展 空气质量模型的类型 * * 八、空气质量模式的新进展 空气质量模型的类型 * Classified by generation of meteorology General circulation models (internally calculated) Chemical transport models (externally calculated) Online (a fully-coupled GCM-CTM) Offline (a CTM with meteorology archives) Classified by mode of application Backcast/nowcast models Forecast models Classified by types of application Research-grade models Regulatory models 空气质量模型的类型 八、空气质量模式的新进展 * 模式选择 污染源及污染物 污染源的类型 污染源的形态有点源、线源、面源和它们组成的复合源； 按其排放方式可分为瞬时源、间断源和连续源。 污染物的性质 可分为气态污染物或颗粒物。 对后者，还需了解其粒径分布，估计重力沉降、干沉积与扩散的相对重要性。 此外，还应考虑是惰性的或是反应性污染物。 八、空气质量模式的新进展 * 模拟的时空范围及分辨率 模式区的范围 局地空气污染问题以采用高斯型模式比较适当。 模拟的时间尺度 大气扩散模式计算的基准时间尺度为小时平均，其他时段的平均浓度可在小时平均浓度的基础上逐时(或按一定的采样间隔)求和计算，也可按频率加权的计算方法。 要求的空间分辨率 模式计算浓度的空间分辨率是一项重要和敏感的指标。在一个孤立点源的下风区，相距数百米两个接受点的污染物浓度可以有数量级的差异，即使在污染源分布比较均匀的城