英语速记符号完版(用于听力和笔记).docVIP

1. Note-taking symbols and abbreviations for your reference:??Abbreviations in Note takingUse only the abbreviations that fit your needs and that you will remember easily. A good idea is to introduce only a few abbreviations into your note taking at a time.??Symbols helpful in math -- these are commonly used in texts and references.S? ?=? ?sumf? ?=? ?frequency??Leave out periods in standard abbreviations.cf? ?=? ?comparee.g.? ?=? ?exampledept? ?=? ?department??Use only the first syllable of a word.pol? ?=? ?politicsdem? ?=? ?democracylib? ?=? ?liberalcap? ?=? ?capitalism??Use entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable.pres? ?=? ?presentationsubj? ?=? ?subjectind? ?=? ?individualcons? ?=? ?conservative??Eliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizable abbreviation.assoc? ?=? ?associatebiol? ?=? ?biologyinfo? ?=? ?informationach? ?=? ?achievementchem? ?=? ?chemistrymax? ?=? ?maximumintro??=? ?introductionconc? ?=? ?concentrationmin? ?=? ?minimumrep? ?=? ?repetition??Omit vowels, retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of the word.ppd? ?=? ?preparedprblm? ?=? ?problemestmt? ?=? ?estimatebkgd? ?=? ?backgroundgvt? ?=? ?government??Use an apostrophe in place of letters.amt? ?=? ?amountcontd? ?=? ?continuedgovt? ?=? ?governmenteducatl? ?=? ?educationalForm the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s.chpts? ?=? ?chaptersegs? ?=? ?examplesfs? ?=? ?frequenciesintros? ?=? ?introductions??Use g to represent ing endings.ckg? ?=? ?checkingestg? ?=? ?establishingdecrg? ?=? ?decreasingexptg? ?=? ?experimenting??Spell out short words such as in, at, to, but, for, and key.??Abbreviations or symbols for short words will make the notes too dense with shorthand.??Leave out unimportant words.Leave out the words a and the.??If a term, phrase, or name is written out in full during the lecture, substitute initials whenever the term, phrase, or name