3.globalization.ppt

World Economy Overview Globalization TAKE A CAR AS AN EXAMPLE:BMW Designed in Germany—assembled in Mexico—with components from Japan—the material of steel from Korean and rubber from Malaysian—the worker working in the rubber factory from China . The shift towards a more integrated and interdependent world economy. Two components: The globalization of markets. The globalization of production. Three levels of globalization 1.Country level 2.Industry level 3.Individual level Levels of globalization Country level: globalization represents the extent of inter-linkages between a nation’s economy and those of the rest of the world. 国家层次： 全球化代表着一国经济与他国经济之间相互联系的程度。 Industry level: globalization is concerned with the competitive position of a firm and the degree to which its competitive position within a specific industry and is interdependent with its position in another country. In globalized industries, markets across the world trend to be dominated by the same firms. Examples includes the footwear industry, which is dominated by Nike, Reebok and Adidas. 行业层次： 全球化与公司的竞争地位相关，以及与其在某一特定行业内竞争地位的程度相关，并且依赖于其在另一国家中所处的地位。在全球化的行业里，少数几家公司似乎占据了全球的市场。例如，耐克、锐步、阿迪达斯几乎占领了整个球鞋行业。 Individual level: globalization refers to the extent to which the firm has expanded its asset and revenue base across countries and the extent to which it engages in cross-border flows of capital, goods, services and knowledge across subsidiaries. Examples of globalized firms include the following: 个体层次 全球化是指公司在各国扩展其资产和收入基数的程度，以及其跨公司发展跨国资本、商品、服务和知识流通的程度 Toyota: It generates 35% of its global output from wholly or partially owned affiliates in 25 countries throughout Asia, Europe and the Americas. It exports 38% of its Japanese domestic production to foreign markets. It is engaged in significant intra-firm flows among its affiliates. It has allocated $13.5 billion to global expansion through the year 2000. It follows the international strategy a