拷给学生语言学课件.ppt

Words that have a sense but no reference: empty names (麒麟, 龙, unicorn, 林黛玉) , but, and Words that have the same reference but different senses: 晨星/暮星 （金星 Venus）, 邓小平/中国改革开放的总设计师 Words that have same senses but different references: the same word used in different context: 最可爱的人、大款 denotation and connotation. Denotation 外延is the constant, abstract, and basic meaning of a linguistic expression independent of context and situation. (Denotation of a linguistic expression is its dictionary meaning.) e.g. Dog: 4-legged flesh-eating animal of many breeds akin to wolf. Connotation 内涵refers to the emotive or affective component of a linguistic expression, which is superimposed upon its basic meaning. Dog: loyal, bite people, human-like,… Leech (1974) recognizes 7 types of meaning in his book Semantics. 1 Conceptual meaning　(概念意义) Logical, cognitive, or denotative content 2 Connotative meaning　(内涵意义)　 What is communicated by virtue of what language refers to. 3 Social meaning　　(社会意义) What is communicated of the social circumstances of language use. 4 Affective meaning　(情感意义) What is communicated of the feeling and attitudes of the speaker/writer. 5 Reflected meaning　(反映意义) What is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression. 6 Collocative meaning　(搭配意义) What is communicated through association with words which tend to occur in the environment of another word. 7 Thematic meaning　(主题意义) What is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis. 1) Conceptual meaning概念意义 =denotative meaning(外延）/cognitive meaning The core of theory The relationship between words and the things they refer to women: [+HUMAN] [+FEMALE] [+ADULT] bull, cow, calf bull=[+BOVINE+MALE+ADULT] cow=[+BOVINE+FEMALE+ADULT] calf=[+BOVINE-ADULT] 2) Connotative meaning 内涵意义 The communicative value that a word or a combination of words has , over and above its conceptual content. grin, beam, smile, and smirk. slender, slim, t