分子生物学期末考试复习内容-2011概述.doc

Section A Prokaryotes：原核生物，没有成形的细胞核或线粒体的一类单细胞生物，the simplest living cells Eukaryotes： Differentiation:分化，生物体发育过程中细胞和组织的结构和功能的变化；in most multicellular eukaryotes, groups of cells differentiate during development of the organism to provide specialized functions Glycerides (甘油酯):Triglycerides(甘油三酯): Polysaccharides:多糖，单糖以糖苷键工价连接的聚合体，其功能主要是作为营养糖源或结构组分。Polymers of simple sugars covalently linked by glycosidic bonds,as untritional sugar stores and as structural materials Glycoproteins:糖蛋白，既含有蛋白质又含有糖，糖基化是蛋白质翻译后修饰的通常形式。Contain both protein and carbohydrate components;glycosylation is the commonest form of post-translational modification of proteins Chromatin:染色质是构成真核生物染色体的原件，是一个由大约等量的DNA与小分子的碱性蛋白质所组成的脱氧核蛋白复合体，the material from which eukaryotic chromosomes are made,is a deoxyribinucleoprotein complex made up of roughyl equal amounts of DNA and small,basic proteins called histones Biomembranes:生物膜，将磷脂与鞘脂置于水中，会自发地形成一个极性基团在外、非极性烃链在内的脂双分子层，when placed in an aqueous environment,phospholipids and sphingolpids naturally form a lipid bilayer with the polar groups on the outside and the nonpolar hydrocarbon chains on the inside. Hydrogen bonds:氢键，在供体基因的一个共价结合的氢原子和受体基因上一对非成键电子之间形成，form between a covalently bonded hydrogen atom on a donnor group and a pair of nonbonding electrons on an acceptor group van der Waals forces:范德华力，电中性分子间的非共价结合的统称，noncovalent associations between electrically neutral monlecules Hydrophobic interaction:疏水相互作用，指水介质中球状蛋白质的折叠总是倾向于把疏水残基埋藏在分子内部的现象，是蛋白质-蛋白质和蛋白质-脂类的相互作用以及核酸结构中的主要稳定力，a major sabilizing force in protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions and in nucleic acids phospholipid molecule:磷脂分子，由两分子脂肪酸和一分子磷酸以酯键与甘油相结合，是膜的主要成分，consist of glycerol esterifide to two fatty acids and phosphoric acid and contained in memvranes hydrophilic polar head group and a hydrophobic tail. 亲水性极性头部和疏水尾部，磷脂分子有亲水性的极性头组和疏水尾巴，亲水性头部朝向水相，疏水性尾部避水彼此聚集，形成双分子层，A phospholipid molecule consists of a hydrophilic polar head group and a hydrophobic tail，When placed in water, the hydrophilic