第6章+细胞核与染色体.ppt

第六章细胞核与染色体 Outline Nucleus (细胞核) The chromatin/ chromosome (染色质/体)— Telomeres and telomerase (端粒/端粒酶) Nucleolus (核仁) 1、Nucleus The nuclear envelope (核被膜) The chromatin/ chromosome(染色质/体) Nucleolus (核仁) The nucleoplasm (核质) The nuclear matrix (核基质)/Nucleoskeleton (核骨架)— insoluble fibrillar network 2、 Chromatin and chromosome Euchromatin（常染色质） and heterochromatin（异染色质） Example of facultative heterochromatin — Random inactivation of X chromosome in different cells during early embryonic development creates a mosaic of tissue patches Homologous chromosomes (homologs)（同源染色体）and sister chromatid (姐妹染色单体 ) Karyotype(染色体组型/核型) and banding pattern(带型) Eucaryotic DNA is packing into a set of chromosomes Acetylation - deacetylation Methylation- demethylation Phosphorylation Ubiquitination ADP-ribosylation Histone code hypothesis — The critical concept of the histone code hypothesis is that the histone modifications serve to recruit other proteins by specific recognition of the modified histone via protein domains specialized for such purposes, rather than through simply stabilizing or destabilizing the interaction between histone and the underlying DNA. These recruited proteins then act to alter chromatin structure actively or to promote transcription. The Histone Code Electron micrographs of chromatin fibers Nuclease digestion (rat liver chromatin) Summary Morphology and functional elements of eukaryotic chromosome Centromeric sequence（着丝粒序列, CEN sequence ） Telomeric sequence （端粒序列, TEL sequence ） Autonomously replicating sequence（自主复制序列, ARS sequence ）: 200bp-A (T) TTTAT (C) A (G) TTTA (T) -200bp Telomere 2006年美国拉斯克奖（Lasker??Awards） Telomere length is regulated by cells and organisms The templete RNA component (hTR orTERC): provide an 11bp templete encoding the telomeric repeats to be added to the chromosome The reverse transcriptase catalytic subunit (TERT) Mysterious DNA termini Specificity of initiation of synthesis The question then became: howwas the telomere