第十二章蛋白质合成解析.ppt

按中心法则，DNA贮存遗传信息传递给mRNA，mRNA是蛋白质合成的模板，但是mRNA→蛋白质之间遗传信息的传递并不像转录那样简单，从mRNA上所携带的遗传信息，到多肽链上所带的遗传信息的传递，好像从一种语言翻译成另一种语言的情形，所以人们称以mRNA为模板的蛋白质合成过程为翻译或转译。 Protein synthesis or translation is the most complex of all biosynthetic mechanisms; 60 to 90 macromolecules for making up the protein-synthesizing machine ribosomes; Over 20 enzymes for activating the amino acids; Over 10 auxiliary proteins for the initiation, elongation and termination of the polypeptide chains; Account for up to 90% of the chemical energy used by a cell for all biosynthetic reactions; The molecules used for translation account for more than 35% of the cell’s dry weight; Proteins are synthesized with extremely high efficiency: a complete polypeptide chain of 100 residues is synthesized in about 5 seconds in an E.coli cells at 37oC. 第一节:蛋白质合成体系的组分 翻译的过程非常复杂，几乎涉及到细胞内所有种类的RNA和几十种蛋白质因子 。 mRNA的发现 mRNA的概念是Jacob和Monod于1961年提出来的。 考虑遗传信息的流向时，位置的关系。 假设：存在一个信使作为合成的模板？ tRNA于1957年发现；rRNA于1959年发现。 它们都不具备以上的性质。 Jacob和Monod认为另有一类RNA的存在，这类RNA应该可以满足以上的要求，定名为信使RNA。 不久，许多实验室立即证明它的存在。 遗传密码 编码比例 编码比例 编码比例 Genetic studies of insertion, deletion, and substitution mutants showed codons for amino acids are triplet of nucleotides; Which condon which AA ? Artificially synthesized poly(U) was added to 20 reaction tubes each containing the cell-free E.coli extract, GTP, a mixture of 20 amino acids, and one 14C labeled amino acid; poly(Phe) obtained UUU encodes Phe. Base composition of the triplets coding for certain amino acids were revealed using mixed copolymers of RNA The composition of an RNA synthesized using polyribonucleotide phosphorylase depends on the proportion of each NDP present; Investigation of the identity and quantity of the amino acids incorporated into the polypeptides in response to random polymers of RNA made from various ratios of NDPs can reveal the nucleotide composition of the triplets corresponding to certain amino acids. Polyribonucleotides of defined repeating sequences of two to four