CED-3.2.pptVIP

Classical Electrodynamics Jingbo Zhang Harbin Institute of Technology Chapter 3Electromagnetic Potentials Review Field Equations 1 Lorentz Gauge Introducing d’Alembert operator Retarded Potentials the solutions of Lorentz potential equations 2 Coulomb Gauge solution of Poisson equation 3 Gauge Transformations Turning the potentials simultaneously into the new one according to the following transformation, Gauge invariant of Lorentz wave equations, Homework 3.2 (Textbook page 46)Example 3.1 In Dirac’s symmetrised form of electrodynamics, derive the inhomogeneous wave equations with introducing the potentials. Classical Electrodynamics Jingbo Zhang Section 2 Gauge Transformations Chapter 3 * Section 1 Electrodynamic Potentials Section 2 Gauge Transformations Fields and Potentials Potential Equations coupled imhomogeneous wave equations In Lorentz gauge uncoupled imhomogeneous wave equations Lorentz equations for potentials The solutions at time t at field point x are dependent on the behaviour at an early time t’ of the source point x’. coupled imhomogeneous wave equations In Coulomb gauge Poisson equation and imhomogeneous wave equations The scalar potential is only dependent on charge density source at time t. The retardation effects occur only in the vector potential. solution of imhomogeneous wave equation where, is an arbitrary differentiable scalar function is called the gauge function. A transformation of the potentials which leaves the fields and Maxwell’s equations invariant is called a gauge transformation. A physical law or quality which doesn’t change under a gauge transformation is said to be gauge invariant. If we require the gauge function itself be restricted to fulfill the following equation, such transformation would keep the Lorentz equations invariant.