The Science of Biology Chapter14.pptVIP

Advent of The Eukaryotes Chapter 14 Outline Endosymbiosis Evolution of Sex General Biology of Protists Protist Reproduction Classifying Protists Five General Categories Endosymbiosis Most biologists believe mitochondria originated as symbiotic, aerobic eubacteria (endosymbiosis). Bacteria thought to have been engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells early in the history of eukaryotes. Endosymbiosis Mitochondria Bound by two membranes (Outer smooth, inner- folded) and divide by simple fusion. Each still has own circle of closed DNA containing genes encoding for essential proteins of oxidative metabolism. Chloroplasts Bacteria-like organelles apparently derived from symbiotic photosynthetic bacteria. Endosymbiosis Evolution of Sex During sexual reproduction, two different parents contribute gametes to form offspring. Asexual Reproduction forms offspring identical to the parents. Parthenogenesis - Development of an adult from an unfertilized egg. Common among insects. Self-Fertilization - One individual provides both gametes. Evolution of Sex Sexual Reproduction provides a powerful means of shuffling genes, and rapidly generating genetic diversity. Sexual Life Cycles Zygotic Meiosis - Zygote formed by fusion of gametes is the only diploid cell. Gametic Meiosis - Gametes are the only haploid cells. Sporic Meiosis - Alteration of generations General Biology of Protists Protists are eukaryotes united on the basis that they are not fungi, plants, or animals. All have cell walls. Movement accomplished by various means. Flagella Lobopodia Filopodia Axopodia General Biology of Protists Cysts - Dormant form with resistant outer covering. Nutrition Phototrops (photosynthesis) Phagotrophs (ingest visible food particles) Holozoic feeders Osmotrophs (ingest food in soluble form) Saprozoic feeders Food Vacuoles (phagosomes) Protist Reproduction Multicellularity - Composed of many permanently associated cells with integrated activities. Allows for specialization. Occurs only in