语言学之构词法.pptVIP

(7). Borrowing（adopting foreign words) Loan word: retaining their original phonetic or written forms, label a new concept, or become a synonym of native words.Eg: education —Latin  bungalow—Hindi Food and cooking words in Middle English period: English has borrowed a large number of words from French. Eg: dinner ,supper ,beef ,appetite.Load-translation or calques(直译，意译，仿造词）:a direct translation of the foreign words into English .Eg: Kongfu ,Tofu—Chinese  →Many of these borrowed words have easily assimilated into English vocabulary. Eg: piano awkward esteem.→Not all lord words became immediately assimilated into a language, especially the retention of the original plurals of some Latin borrowed words. Eg : fungus—fungi memorandum—memoranda 7.4.2  Words can be lost from a language over the course of several generation, because of discontinuation of the object they name.eg: Romeo and Juliet by Shakespeare beseem —— to be suitable gyve —— a fetter wot —— to knoweg: rumble seat  soap flakes 7.4.3 1,semantic broadening: meaning of a word becomes broader. 2,sementic narrowing: the meaning of a word is narrowed to what it is now. 3,semantic shift: the meaning of the word is changed. * The tail of any animal The tail of the horse tail Both father’ and mother’ sister father’ sister aunt any kind of dog a kind of hunting dog dog Present meaning Past meaning words Rule: special → general A female girl A child Girl A married woman A woman Wife A particular kind of animal Any animal deer Present meaning Past meaning Words Rule: general → special Loving, affectionate foolish fond good ignorant nice stupid happy silly Present meaning Past meaning Words Rule: meaning may be elevated or degraded.