2历史.pptVIP

Chapter 2 The Development of the English Vocabulary 英语词汇的发展 A diachronic （历时）overview (synchronic) From a synchronic point of view, words can be studied at a point in time, disregarding whatever changes might be taking place. For example, if you use the synchronic approach to investigate the word wife of the present time. the word wife now means ‘ a married woman, esp. in relation to her husband’. If we take a diachronic perspective, we will consider the word historically, looking into its origin and changes in form and meaning. For example, if you use the diachronic approach to investigate the word wife. the word wife evolved from the Old English form wif, meaning ‘woman’, but later it became specialized in the course of development to the modern meaning ‘a married woman’. Objectives: Introduce the history and the general characteristics of English; Let students know the growth of contemporary English vocabulary and the modes of vocabulary development Teaching focus: the Indo-European language family three phases of the historical development general characteristics of English three sources of contemporary English vocabulary modes of vocabulary development 5651 languages Over 1400 are disappearing or not totally independent 3000 languages from 300 families (Sino-Tibetan) 10 are most spoken: Chinese, English, Russian, Spanish, Hindustani, Japanese, German, Arabic, Portuguese, and French 语系：Sino-Tibetan, Indo-European, Semito-Hamitic, Uralic 2.1 The Indo-European Language family系 Roughly including 100 languages Single-separate-subdivisions: 4500 B.C. migration of Aryans (Mandarin ≠ common speech中原的变迁) The Indo-European language family is made up of most languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. 梵文，巴利文，吐火罗文 (around 3000-2000 B.C. the big migration of central Asian to the west of Europe and Mediterranean and to the east of Iran and India finally finished. ) The classification of Indo-European language family系 According to various degre