11.2 Probability.pptVIP

Section 11.2 Probability And Punnett Squares Probability and Genetics Probability: likelihood that an event will happen. The way in which alleles segregate is (sometimes) random, like a coin flip. Therefore, the principles of probability can be used to predict the average outcomes of large numbers of genetic crosses. Genotype Your genotype is your genes; it’s the particular alleles that you have. Phenotype Physical appearance Homozygous An individual has two identical alleles for one trait. Heterozygous An individual has two different alleles for one trait. Punnett Squares diagram used to predict the outcomes of genetic crosses Probability of the Monohybrid Cross Test Cross Cross an organism with a dominant trait but unknown genotype (don’t know whether it’s Pp or PP) with an organism that is?homozygous recessive (pp). If the offspring all show dominant trait, the parent must be PP. If half the offspring show the dominant trait and half show the recessive trait, the parent must be heterozygous dominant (Pp). Exercise: Use letters to represent: Homozygous dominant Homozygous recessive Heterozygous Exercise: A Punnett square shows all of the following EXCEPT all possible results of a genetic cross the genotypes of the offspring the alleles in the gametes of each parent the actual results of a genetic cross Exercise: Gametes have homologous chromosomes twice the number of chromosomes found in body cells two sets of chromosomes one allele for each gene Exercise: Short hair (L) is dominant to long hair (l). If a short-haired animal of unknown origin is crossed with a long-haired animal and they produce one long-haired and one short-haired offspring, this would indicate that the short-haired animal was pure-breeding. the short-haired animal was not pure-breeding. the long-haired animal was not pure-breeding. the long-haired animal was pure-breeding. none of these can be determined with two offspring. Exercise: In certain plants, tall is dominant to sh