end of block answers.pptVIP

1 a. vibrations about fixed positions b. Particles vibrate more greater amplitude so they occupy more space. c. Particles move freely, at random, bouncing off each other and walls of container. d. Molecules leave the surface of the liquid and gradually spread out within the air diffusion , speeding up, slowing down and changing direction as they collide with particles of the air. 2 a. pV constant or p1V1 p2V2 b temperature c 16dm3 3 a 100 °C; the boiling point of pure water at atmospheric pressure b The mercury expands as it is heated ; since its volume has increased, it occupies more of the tube. 4 a downwards b The copper expands more so its length is greater than that of the invar; the outer side of the curve is longer than the inner side. c For example, in a fire alarm; a circuit is completed if the strip bends sufficiently, setting off a warning bell. 5 a 453 600 J b 454 s approx. ≈ 7.5 minutes c Temperature remains constant; energy is required to boil the water, creating steam/water vapour. 6 a Attach a thermometer/temperature probe to one end of a rod; heat the other end; observe the temperature rise, showing that heat has travelled along the rod. b Heat all rods at same rate; compare rates at which temperatures rise e.g. by drawing graphs of temperature against time . 7 a Hot air rises above the heater, spreads across ceiling; colder air sinks, flows into the heater where it is heated and starts to rise i.e. a convection current has been set up . b Warm air is less dense than the surrounding cooler air so it rises. 8 a Cover the floor with carpet or other insulating material. b Fit double glazing and change window frames to a material which insulates better . c Install cavity wall foam to prevent convection currents.