Chapter_1_Speech_sounds.pptVIP

Chapter one   Introduction Anatomy of the Vocal Tract Diagram of the Speech Organs Classification of sounds Vowels are produced without any obstruction of the air stream in the mouth, voiced (with the vibration of the vocal cords) . Consonants are produced with some form of obstruction of the air passage, voiced or voiceless. 1.2 Manners of Articulation and Places of Articulation Manner of Articulation In a broad sense, the manner of articulation is defined by a number of factors: whether there is vibration of the vocal cords (voiced 浊音vs. voiceless 清音); whether there is obstruction of the air stream at any point above the glottis （声门） (consonant 辅音 vs. vowel 元音); whether the air stream passes through the nasal cavity in addition to the oral cavity (nasal vs. oral); whether the air stream passes through the middle of the oral cavity or along the side (s) (non-lateral vs. lateral 边音). Manner of Articulation In its narrow sense, the manner of articulation refers to how close the articulators get to each other, i.e., the degree of constriction. In this course, if it is not specified clearly, this term is always used in its narrow sense. The main constriction degrees are: 1：Plosive (爆破音）（塞音 stops） 2：Fricative (摩擦音） 3：Approximant （近似音）/Semi-vowel (半元音） 4：Affricate （破擦音）5：Nasal（鼻音） 6：Lateral（边音） Places of Articulation The place of articulation refers to where the narrowing occurs -- which active articulator gets close to which passive articulator. In other words, the place of articulation is the point where the air stream is obstructed. In general, the place of articulation is simply that point on the palate where the tongue is placed to block the stream of air. Bilabial （双唇音） The articulators are the two lips. (We could say that the lower lip is the active articulator and the upper lip the passive articulator, though the upper lip usually moves too, at least a little.) English bilabial sounds include [p], [b], and [m].  Labio-dental （唇齿音） The lower