Instr Anal-04_NMR.pptVIP

Chapter 12. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Energy level 2. Distribution of nuclei in spin states NMR is not very sensitive How to enhance the sensitivity? 3. Decay (relaxation) Processes 8-2. Measurement Low Resolution NMR Spectrum of Ethanol, CH3CH2OH High Resolution NMR Spectrum of Ethanol, CH3CH2OH 2. Spin-Spin Coupling Some Coupling Rules Rules: Effect of Magnetic Field on Spectral Resolution * * * * * Prof. Qingyun Cai Phone:E-mail: qycai0001@hnu.cn Principles of Instrumental Analysis 11月2日第十周日下午 Based on magnetic properties of certain atomic nuclei 8-1. Theory 1. Quantum Treatment Energies of nuclear spin states are quantized: Nuclear Spin Quantum Number (I = 0, ?, 1, 1?, etc.) I =1/2 for both protons and neutrons. For a proton there are two spin states: 1/2 and -1/2 2H, 14N With magnetic moment 1 Odd Odd 13C 127I With magnetic moment 1/2 3/2 Odd Even 1H, 19F, 1P 11B, 79Br With magnetic moment 1/2 3/2 Even Odd 12C, 16O, 32S , no magnetic moment 0 Even Even Examples I Neutrons Protons All nuclear spin states are degenerate in magnetic field A spinning charge generates a magnetic dipole m The dipole can take certain allowed orientations in a magnetic field, where they split into 2I + 1 states (limited to 2I+1 discrete values): m = I, I-1, I-2 . . . . -I For I=0: m = 0 (only 1 state) NMR inactive For I=?: m = ±? (2 states) NMR Active The energy level depend on the field strength: Em = -m??B0/I B0: the strength of the applied field in gauss (G), β: the nuclear magneton (5.051?10-24 erg.G-1), ? the magnetic moment =2.7927 for proton 回旋轴 For m = ±? nuclei: ?E = -(-1/2-1/2) ??B0/I = ??B0/I ?E = h? = ??B0/I =?E /h = ??B0/Ih = ?B0/2? ? = 2?? = ? B0 (? = 2???/Ih, the magnetogyric ratio(磁旋比), ??: magnetic moment, ??B0: the magnetic field force, I(h/2π): the angular momentum, h = Planck’s constant (6.628?10–34J s), ?: Larmor Frequency, 回旋频率) The resonate frequency v is dependent on the applied magnetic field