Chapter__5-Chromosomefinal概要.ppt

思考题 染色体DNA与质粒DNA分离的主要依据是什么？ Thinking How is the 2 meters worth of DNA in every human cell compacted to fit into a nucleus of less than 15 microns? Describe the various ways in which DNA is compacted, describing the proteins or structures involved at each level, and the degree of compaction provided. ?  nucleus nuclear envelope Interphase chromatin is a tangled mass occupying a large part of the nuclear volume. The general mass of chromatin is in the form of euchromatin. The DNA is 5–10× more condensed in chromosomes than in interphase chromatin. Individual chromosomes can be seen only during mitosis. Each consists of a fiber with a diameter of ~30 nm and a nubbly appearance. Eukaryotic DNA has loops and domains Interphase : Chromatin often appears to be attached to a matrix, that this attachment is necessary for transcription or replication. DNA of interphase chromatin is negatively supercoiled into independent domains of ~85 kb. Metaphase: Chromosomes have a protein scaffold to which the loops of supercoiled DNA are attached. Threads of DNA emanate from the scaffold, apparently as loops of average length 10-30 μm (30-90kb). DNA is attached to the nuclear matrix at specific sequences called matrix attachment site (MAR) or scaffold attachment site (SAR).The MARs are A·T-rich but do not have any specific consensus sequence. a sister chromatid pair NOT REQUIRED When chromatin is digested with the enzyme micrococcal nuclease, the DNA is cleaved into integral multiples of a unit length. Limited Micrococcal nuclease digestion of chromatin generates a ~200 bp Ladder The fundamental subunit of chromatin has the same type of design in all eukaryotes——nucleosome. The nucleosome contains ~200 bp of DNA, organized by an octamer of small, basic proteins into a bead-like structure. The protein components are histones. Changes in the length of linker DNA account for the variation in total length of nucleosomal DNA. Nucleosomal DNA is divided into the core DNA and l