语言学术语解释举例.docVIP

Sequential Rules [s?kwen?(?)l] 序列规则 Sequential Rules are rules that govern the combination of sounds in particular language. e.g. If a word begins with a /l/ or /r/, then the next sound must be a vowel（元音）. Prototype [pr??t?ta?p] 原型 What members of a particular community think of as the typical instance of a lexical category. e.g. For some English speakers “cabbage”(rather than say carrot) might be the prototypical vegetable. Presuppositional Trigger 预设触发语A presupposition trigger is a construction or item that signals the existence of a presupposition in an utterance. e.g.” Jane had another date with John.” It presupposes the fact that Jane has had one date with John before. Apparently, the use of “another” called a presupposition trigger. Possessor [p?zes?] 所有人 Refers to one who has something e.g. Jane’s doll. The first noun is the possessor. Positive Face 积极面子 The positive consistent self-image or “personality” (including the desire that this self-image be appreciated and approved of)claimed by interactants. e.g.: You are excellent. Phoneme [f??ni?m] 音位 The smallest unit in the sound system of a language e.g. the two words peak and speak, we are aware that the sound /p/ is pronounced differently Performative Utterance 言有所为 It is a sentence which is not true or false but instead happy or unhappy, and which is uttered in the performance of an illocutionary (语内表现行为的) act rather than used to state something. e.g. I swear to do that, I promise to be there Negative Face 消极面子 The basic claim to territories, personal preserves, rights to non-distraction. i.e. to freedom of action and freedom from imposition. e.g.: You’d better not smoke here. Morpheme [m?:fi:m] 词素 The smallest meaningful unit of language. It can not be divided without altering or destroying its meaning. e.g. the English word unkindness consists of three morphemes: the S TEM1 kind, the negative prefix un-, and the noun-forming suffix -ness. Metonymic Reasoning [,met?nimik]