Unit11非谓语动词.docVIP

Unit11 非谓语动词（1） （一）非谓语动词概述： 非谓语动词是指由动词变化而成，仍具有动词的性质与意义，但不作谓语动词使用，而具有除谓语外其它语法功能。非谓语动词有动词不定式（the Infinitive）；动名词（the Gerund）；现在分词（the Present Participle）；过去分词（the Past Participle）。 （二）非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成： 非谓语形式 构成 特征和作用 时态和语态 否定式 复合结构 不定式 to do to be doing to have done to be done to have been done 在非谓语前加not for sb. to do sth. 具有名词，副词和形容词的作用 在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语 分词 现在分词 doing having done being done having been done 具有副词和形容词的作用 在句中做定、表、宾补和状语 过去分词 done 动名词 doing having done being done having been done sb’s doing 具有名词的作用 在句中做主、宾、定和表语 （三）非谓语动词的句法功 句子成分 非谓语 主语 表语 宾语 补语 定语 状语 同位语 不定式 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 动名词 ( ( ( （极少） ( ( 现在分词 ( ( ( ( 过去分词 ( ( ( ( （四）非谓语动词的结构形式 主动形式 被动形式 动词不定式 to do to be done 现在分词一般式 doing being done 现在分词完成式 having done having been done 过去分词 done 分词的时态和语态 1.分词的时态： ①分词一般式表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；或一个动作发生后，另一个动作紧接着发生。分词的一般式常在书面语中用作背景的描写。例如： Walking down the street, I ran into Lily. Hearing the news, I jumped with joy. Switching off the lights, I turned over and buried my head in the pillow. Living in the country, we had few social engagements. ②分词完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。 Having noted down our names and addresses, the policeman dismissed us. Having passed my driving test, I was able to buy my first car. I was able to buy my first car, having passed my driving test. ③分词一般式和完成式均可表示已完成的动作，但在说话人心中，用一般式把2个动作看做是几乎同时发生，用完成式则强调2个动作的先后。例如： Looking at the door, she went out. Having studied in the university for three years, he knows the place very well. 2）分词的语态： ①分词一般式的被动语态强调动作正在进行中。例如： The house being built will be our office building. Being surrounded, the rebel troops were forced to surrender. ②分词完成式的被动语态强调先于谓语动词。例如： Having been criticized by the teacher, Li Ming gave up smoking. Not having been invited, he felt very unhappy. ③过去分词也表示被动，但没有强调动作先后的含义。例如： The concert given by the symphony orchestra was a great success. They are problems left over by history. Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent. Given good health, I hope