comsol单模光纤仿真案例.docx

Solved with COMSOL Multiphysics 5.0S t e p - I n d e xF i b e rIntroductionThe transmission speed of optical waveguides is superior to microwave waveguides because optical devices have a much higher operating frequency than microwaves, enabling a far higher bandwidth.Today the silica glass (SiO2) fiber is forming the backbone of modern communication systems. Before 1970, optical fibers suffered from large transmission losses, making optical communication technology merely an academic issue. In 1970, researchers showed, for the first time, that low-loss optical fibers really could be manufactured. Earlier losses of 2000 dB/km now went down to 20 dB/km. Today’s fibers have losses near the theoretical limit of 0.16 dB/km at 1.55 μm (infrared light).One of the winning devices has been the single-mode fiber, having a step-index profile with a higher refractive index in the center core and a lower index in the outer cladding. Numerical software plays an important role in the design of single-mode waveguides and fibers. For a fiber cross section, even the most simple shape is difficult and cumbersome to deal with analytically. A circular step-index waveguide is a basic shape where benchmark results are available (see Ref. 1).This example is a model of a single step-index waveguide made of silica glass. The inner core is made of pure silica glass with refractive index n1 = 1.4457 and the cladding is doped, with a refractive index of n2 = 1.4378. These values are valid for free-space wavelengths of 1.55 μm. The radius of the cladding is chosen to be large enough so that the field of confined modes is zero at the exterior boundaries.For a confined mode there is no energy flow in the radial direction, thus the wave must be evanescent in the radial direction in the cladding. This is true only ifneff > n2On the other hand, the wave cannot be radially evanescent in the core region. Thusn2 < neff < n1The waves are more confined when neff is close to the upper limit in this interva