材工导论课件.ppt

Essentials of Materials Science and Engineering 材料科学与工程基础 机械与汽车工程学院 张大童 dtzhang@scut.edu.cnO) What we have learned? What is materials science and engineering Classification of materials Functional classification of materials Classification based on structure Environmental and other effects Materials design and selection Summary The properties of engineered materials depend upon their composition, structure, synthesis and processing. Materials are classified as metals and alloys, ceramics, glasses, composites, polymers and semiconductors. Materials can also be classified as crystalline or amorphous. Crystalline materials may be single crystal or polycrystalline. Selection of a material having the needed properties and the potential to be manufactured economically and safely into a useful product is a complicated process requiring the knowledge of the structure-property-processing-composition relationships. Chapter 2 Atomic structure The structure of materials: technological relevance The structure of atom The electronic structure of the atom The Periodic Table Atomic bonding Binding energy and interatomic spacing Introduction Mixed bonding Example 2-4 Summary Atomic bonding is determined partly by how the valence electrons associated with each atom interact. Types of bonds include metallic, covalent, ionic, and van der Waals. Most engineered materials exhibit mixed bonding. The binding energy is related to the strength of the bonds and is particularly high in ionically and covalently bonded materials. Materials with a high binding energy often have a high-melting temperature, a high modulus of elasticity and a low coefficient of thermal expansion. Glossary/ Key word Alloy Ceramics Composition Composites Crystal Density Grains Mechanical properties Glossary/ Key word Anion Atomic mass Binding energy Cation Covalent Ductility Electronegativity Ionic bond Valence Homework 2-6, 2-10, 2-14, 2-16,2-19,2-25 You can find the necessary data in Figure 2-8: Elect