marine polution.doc

Marine pollution?occurs when harmful, or potentially harmful, effects result from the entry into the ocean of chemicals,?particles,?industrial, agricultural and residential?waste, noise, or the spread of?invasive organisms.? pathways of ocean pollution：There are many different ways to categorize, and examine the inputs of pollution into our marine ecosystems. Patin (n.d.) notes that generally there are three main types of inputs of pollution into the ocean: 1）direct discharge of waste into the oceans： Pollutants enter rivers and the sea directly from urban?sewerage?and?industrial wastedischarges, sometimes in the form of?hazardous?and?toxic wastes. Inland?mining?for copper, gold. etc., is another source of marine pollution. Most of the pollution is simply soil, which ends up in rivers flowing to the sea .But minerals can also be harmful.?Copper, a common industrial pollutant, can interfere with the?life history?and development of coral polyps. 2)runoff into the waters due to rain:Surface runoff?from farming, as well as?urban runoff?and runoff from the construction of roads, buildings, ports, channels, and harbours, can carry soil and?particles?laden with carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and minerals.The result is eutrophication,which I will explain later. 3)pollutants that are released from the atmosphere: The obvious consequence of this is acidification , which will affect corals and the ability of shellfish to form shells. Types of Pollution : 1)acidification:The oceans are normally a natural?carbon sink, absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Because the levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide?are increasing, the oceans are becoming?more acidic.Ocean acidification means that the capacity of the ocean carbon sink will gradually get weaker,giving rise to global concerns expressed in the Monaco and Manado Declarations. 2)eutrophication (nutrient pollution) : Eutrophication?is an?increase in chemical?nutrients, typically compounds containing?nitrogen?o