国际经济学(英文)课件CHAPTER5.pptVIP

Chapter 5 Chapter 5 Economies of Scale, Imperfect Competition, and International Trade Complementary Theories  for H-O Theory Economies of Scale Imperfect Competition Differences in Dynamic Changes in Technology among Nations Transportation Costs and Environmental Standards Outline H-O Model and New Trade Theories Economies of Scale and International Trade Imperfect Competition and International Trade Trade Based on Dynamic Technological Differences Costs of Transportation, Environmental Standards and International Trade 5.1 The H-O Model and New Trade Theories 1. There are two nations (Nation 1 and 2), two commodities (commodity X and Y), and two factors of production (labor and capital). 2. Both nations use the same technology in production. Relaxing Assumptions 3. Commodity X is labor intensive and commodity Y is capital intensive in both nations. 4. Both commodities are produced under constant returns to scale in both nations. Relaxing Assumptions 5. There is incomplete specialization in production in both nations. 6. Tastes are equal in both nations. 7. There is perfect competition in both commodities and factor markets in both nations. Relaxing Assumptions 8. There is perfect factor mobility within each nation ( Internal factor mobility) but no international factor mobility. 9. There are no transportation costs, tariffs, or other obstructions to the free flow of international trade. Relaxing Assumptions 10. All resources are fully employed in both nations. 11. International trade between the two nations is balanced. Conclusions Relaxing most assumptions only modifies but does not invalidate the H-O theory International trade that H-O theory leaves unexplained calls for new theories 5.2 Economies of Scale and International Trade Definition Increasing Returns to Scale Illustration Further Explanations External Economies 5.2.1 Definition Increasing Re