Anti-umping 翻译.docVIP

Anti-dumping refers to measures taken to counter the dumping of foreign commodities in domestic market. In addition to universal customs duties, the government levies additional tax on dumping foreign commodities to make sure these commodities can not be sold at unfairly low prices. Such additional tax refers to ‘Anti-dumping Duties’. For instance, the United States stipulates that if the landed prices of foreign commodities appear lower than their factory prices, anti-dumping countermeasures will be applied immediately. Although General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade has made clear regulations in regard to anti-dumping matters, as a matter of fact, all nations are going their own way and make anti-dumping the principal means to wage trade wars. Why does WTO system need to encompass anti-dumping that by its very nature is protective? From the political and economic point of view, the government is easily subject to the pressure from certain interest groups. In that case, anti-dumping implies protection for domestic manufacturers competing in import. Therefore, anti-dumping is not always based on reasonable principles of economics, but political and economic matters that associate closely with political power as well as protection seeking pressures. As trade liberalization is deepening from all over the world, more and more trade protectionist barriers are being placed. The increasingly intense international and domestic markets are pressurizing the governments to offer protection for import competitors from home. These pressures may stem from: concerns for politics, concerns for equality or concerns for trade patriotism. On top of that, monopolies may put pressure on governments through potent lobbying, requiring protection for import industry. From the government’s perspective, it attaches more importance to manufacturers’ interests. This is because everyone knows how to consume but not everyone’s able to make production. Hence, governments tend to protect